Mental Simulation

The cognitive process of internally rehearsing actions, events, or scenarios to predict outcomes, evaluate options, and guide decision-making without performing the actions in reality.

Levels of Analysis

Neural: premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus
Cognitive: scenario construction, prediction, counterfactual evaluation
Behavioral: planning actions, anticipating consequences, adjusting strategies

Inputs

  • prior experiences
  • current goals
  • contextual cues
  • imagined actions or events
  • stored knowledge of causal relations

Outputs

  • predicted outcomes
  • refined action plans
  • error detection before acting
  • improved decision accuracy
  • updated expectations

Related Processes

  • Mental Models
  • Predictive Processing
  • Counterfactual Thinking
  • Problem-Solving
  • Working Memory

Related Models

  • Predictive Coding Framework
  • Simulation Theory
  • Forward Models in Motor Control
  • Situation Model Theory

Related Biases

  • Simulation Heuristic
  • Planning Fallacy
  • Optimism Bias
  • Illusion of Control

Example

Before giving a presentation, a person mentally rehearses the sequence of slides, anticipates possible questions, and adjusts their explanations based on imagined audience reactions.

Visual Schema

Goal/Context → Scenario Construction → Outcome Prediction → Plan Adjustment


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Published on: 2026-04-18 19:57:20