Working Memory

A short‑term system for holding and manipulating information necessary for ongoing tasks.

Levels of Analysis

Neural: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Cognitive: maintenance, updating, manipulation
Behavioral: performing multistep actions, solving problems

Inputs

• sensory information
• results of previous steps
• goals and rules

Outputs

• temporary representations
• intermediate decisions
• behavioral control

Related Processes

• Cognitive Load
• Executive Functions
• Attention Control
• Reasoning

Related Models

• Baddeley’s Model
• Embedded‑Processes Model

Related Biases

• Overconfidence (under high load)
• Recency Bias
• Cognitive Miser tendencies

Example

Holding a phone number in mind while manually dialing it.

Visual Schema

Encoding → Maintenance → Updating → Output